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f(x)→f(x)+b

The graph of f(x) is shown above. Type +3 after the f(x) above to see what the graph of f(x)+3 looks like.

The graph of f(x)+3 is the graph of f(x) by units.
Now type -4 after the f(x) above and observe what the graph of f(x)−4 looks like.

The graph of f(x)−4 is the graph of f(x) by units.